Sufi whirling (or Sufi spinning) is a form of Sama or physically active meditation which originated among Sufis, and which is still practiced by the Sufi Dervishes of the Mevlevi order. It is a customary dance performed within the Sema, or worship ceremony, through which dervishes (also called semazens) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or kemal. This is sought through abandoning one's nafs, egos or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on God, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the Solar System orbiting the sun.[1] As explained by Sufis:[2]
In the symbolism of the Sema ritual, the semazen's camel's hair hat (sikke) represents the tombstone of the ego; his wide, white skirt (tennure) represents the ego's shroud. By removing his black cloak (hırka), he is spiritually reborn to the truth. At the beginning of the Sema, by holding his arms crosswise, the semazen appears to represent the number one, thus testifying to God's unity. While whirling, his arms are open: his right arm is directed to the sky, ready to receive God's beneficence; his left hand, upon which his eyes are fastened, is turned toward the earth. The semazen conveys God's spiritual gift to those who are witnessing the Sema. Revolving from right to left around the heart, the semazen embraces all humanity with love. The human being has been created with love in order to love. Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi says, "All loves are a bridge to Divine love. Yet, those who have not had a taste of it do not know!"
被稱為「蘇菲教派」的團體在伊斯蘭教裡是非常特別的教團，他們常以非傳統的舞蹈與音樂進行靈修，以期體驗與真主緊密給合的個人經驗。而旋轉舞就是在土耳其 一帶的蘇菲教派的靈修方式，靈修時，一群人穿著同樣的服裝(不一定是白色，但都有長長的裙擺)，頭上戴著長型的帽子，一個手心向上、一個手心向下，並且朝 著同一個方向旋轉。通常旋轉時旁邊會有傳統音樂奏出一些節奏。很多人問小編，那他們一直轉不會覺得頭暈嗎？這就是靈修與一般舞蹈的不同，旋轉舞要求靈修者 絕對的專注，透過專注遺忘旋轉，而且也是以重覆的旋轉進入專注狀態，猶如佛教的坐禪，最後會進入一種非常神聖與特殊的心靈體驗。
旋轉舞不是蘇菲教派唯一進行的靈修方式，有些地方的蘇菲會利用音樂進入靈修，有些蘇菲教派會從不斷的跪拜中體驗靈修，所以蘇菲教派在靈修方式上沒有固定的 形式，重要的是個人對神聖與真主之間緊密結合的體驗。而這麼多靈修方式中，土耳其蘇菲教派的旋轉舞蹈因在視覺上非常的優美，成為最廣為人知的靈修之一，而 且旅遊觀光的盛行，也慢慢讓旋轉舞蹈成為一種表演，台灣也有不少社團，會學習蘇菲旋轉舞，並不是因為宗教，而是體驗旋轉舞的特殊靈修方式。
Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural site in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey. The city contains hot springs and travertines, terraces of carbonate minerals left by the flowing water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year.
Tourism is and has been a major industry. People have bathed in its pools for thousands of years. As recently as the mid-20th century, hotels were built over the ruins of Hierapolis, causing considerable damage. An approach road was built from the valley over the terraces, and motor bikes were allowed to go up and down the slopes. When the area was declared a World Heritage Site, the hotels were demolished and the road removed and replaced with artificial pools. Wearing shoes in the water is prohibited to protect the deposits.
棉花堡（Pamukkale，音「帕慕卡雷」）位於土耳其西南代尼茲利省境內，因該地象一座雪白的城堡而得名。棉花堡高160米，長2700米。城市富有溫泉以及石灰岩溶洞，泉水在富有碳酸鹽礦物的梯田流動。棉花堡的山頂坐落著著名的希拉波利斯（Hierapolis）古城，古城內可以看見古羅馬時期的神廟和浴場。該地在一年大部分時間內氣候溫和。
棉花堡是土耳其的著名旅遊景點。世界上只有少數幾個地方有相似的景觀，其中包括美國黃石國家公園的Mammoth溫泉，中國四川黃龍。棉花堡和其頂上的希拉波利斯古城於1988年共同被列為世界遺產。
在被列為世界遺產之前，棉花堡在20世紀的後幾十年間疏於保護，酒店建在景區內，溫泉的水被用來填滿酒店的游泳池，水池乾涸了。酒店排出的廢水是使 白色的岩石上出現了褐斑。在棉花堡上還建了機場的跑道。遊客們穿著鞋直接在岩石上行走，在溫泉里洗澡還使用肥皂和洗頭液，甚至騎自行車或開摩托車上下坡。
在被列為世界遺產的時候，棉花堡正在失去以前的魅力。土耳其政府隨後加強了保護措施以恢復棉花堡的本來面目。酒店被拆除了，上下棉花堡的路覆蓋上了 人工水池，遊客需要赤腳進入該景點。有褐斑的岩石沒有被水蓋沒，而是暴露在陽光中以求同光陽光暴晒使岩石變白，所以那些水池是乾的。
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, or Ἴλιος, Ilios; and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;[1] Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;[2][3] Turkish: Truva) was a city well-known to both history and legend (as well as archaeology), and situated in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, south of the southwest end of the Dardanelles/Hellespont and northwest of Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale.[4][5] These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hisarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert[6] and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hisarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
Today, the hill at Hisarlik has given its name to a small village near the ruins, supporting the tourist trade visiting the Troia archaeological site.[7] It lies within the province of Çanakkale, some 30 km south-west of the provincial capital, also called Çanakkale. The nearest village is Tevfikiye. The map here shows the adapted Scamander estuary with Ilium a little way inland across the Homeric plain.
Troia was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998.
特洛伊（Troy，古希臘語Τροία，或Ίλιον，拉丁語Troia，或Ilium），古希臘時代小亞細亞（今土耳其位置）西北部的城邦，其被遺址發現於公元1871年。詩人荷馬創作的兩部西方文學史最重要的作品：《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》中的特洛伊戰爭，便以此城市為中心。長期以來一直只被科學家視為虛構傳說的城市。
史詩中特洛伊的遺址在現今地理位置上，位於土耳其西北面的恰納卡萊省的希沙利克（Hissarlik，北緯39°58′度，東經26°13′度），於愛達山的西南面，離達達尼爾海峽不遠。於羅馬帝國時期，奧古斯都曾於此處建成一座名為「Ilium」的城市，直至君士坦丁堡建成後於拜占庭帝國時期迅速沒落。
公元1871年德國考古學家海因里希·施里曼發現特洛伊城遺址廢墟，其後於同址發現更多不同時代的城市遺址。其中被考古學家命名為「特洛伊Ⅶ」的遺址，被認為是荷馬史詩時期的特洛伊城，但至今仍有爭議。據考古研究，此城毀滅於公元前13世紀
Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/;[1] Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos; Turkish: Efes; ultimately from Hittite Apasa) was an ancient Greek city[2][3] on the coast of Ionia, three kilometers southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of the former Arzawan capital[4][5] by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists. During the Classical Greek era it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. The city flourished after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC. According to estimates Ephesus had a population of 33,600 to 56,000 people in the Roman period, making it the third largest city of Roman Asia Minor after Sardis and Alexandria Troas.[6]
The city was famed for the Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In 268 AD, the Temple was destroyed or damaged in a raid by the Goths.[7] It may have been rebuilt or repaired but this is uncertain, as its later history is not clear.[8] Emperor Constantine I rebuilt much of the city and erected new public baths. Following the Edict of Thessalonica from emperor Theodosius I, what remained of the temple was destroyed in 401 AD by a mob led by St. John Chrysostom.[9] The town was partially destroyed by an earthquake in 614 AD. The city's importance as a commercial center declined as the harbor was slowly silted up by the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes).
Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia that are cited in the Book of Revelation.[10] The Gospel of John may have been written here.[11] The city was the site of several 5th-century Christian Councils, (see Council of Ephesus). It is also the site of a large gladiators' graveyard. The ruins of Ephesus are a favorite international and local tourist attraction, partly owing to their easy access from Adnan Menderes Airport.
以弗所又譯愛菲索斯或艾菲索斯（希臘語：Ἔφεσος；英語：Ephesus；土耳其語：Efes）是古希臘人在小亞細亞建立的一個大城市，聖母瑪利亞終老其身於此，位於加斯他河注入愛琴海的河口（今天屬於土耳其）。最初由雅典殖民者建立。以弗所廢墟是土耳其一個著名的旅遊點，特別為到土耳其旅遊的人開闢從庫薩達斯港的遊船航線。
Safranbolu is a town and district of Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Ankara and about a 100 km south of the Black Sea coast, or more precisely about 9 km north of the city of Karabük. Former Turkish names of the town were Zalifre and Taraklıborlu and in Greek Theodoroupolis, Θεοδωρούπολις (i.e. city of Theodorus or female Theodora) and latter Saframpolis, Σαφράμπολις. It was part of Karabük Province until 1923 and Zonguldak Province between 1923 and 1995.
According to the 2000 census, the population of the district is 47,257, of which 31,697 live in the town of Safranbolu.[3][4] The district covers an area of 1,000 km2 (386 sq mi),[5] and the town lies at an elevation of 485 m (1,591 ft).
The Old Town preserves many old buildings, with 1008 registered historical artifacts. These are: 1 private museum, 25 mosques, 5 tombs, 8 historical fountains, 5 Turkish baths, 3 caravanserais, 1 historical clock tower, 1 sundial and hundreds of houses and mansions. Also there are mounds of ancient settlements, rock tombs and historical bridges. The Old Town is situated in a deep ravine in a fairly dry area in the rain shadow of the mountains. The New Town can be found on the plateau about two kilometers west of the Old Town.
The name of the town derives from 'saffron' and the Greek word 'polis' (city), since Safranbolu was a trading place and a center for growing saffron. Today saffron is still grown at the village of Davutobası which is 22 km east of Safranbolu and probably one of the best quality saffrons in the world.
Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.
番紅花城（Safranbolu）是位於土耳其安納托利亞中部的城鎮，離首都安卡拉約兩百公里。老城區的鄂圖曼時期的房屋和建築都被完整的保留下來，包括私人博物館、清真寺、墓園、歷史噴泉、土耳其浴、鐘塔、日晷以及數以百計的房屋，整修後在1994年被列入聯合國教科文組織的世界遺產名錄。番紅花城佔地面積約1000平方公里，海拔485公尺。 城鎮名稱源自於番紅花以及希臘文polis(城邦)。番紅花城在17世紀時期是番紅花的貿易以及種植中心，至今番紅花仍在番紅花城以東22公里的村落種植。
The Antalya Museum or Antalya Archeological Museum (Turkish: Antalya Müzesi) is one of Turkey's largest museums, located in Konyaaltı, Antalya. It includes 13 exhibition halls and an open air gallery. It covers an area of 7,000 m2 (75,000 sq ft) and has 5000 works of art are exhibited. In addition a further 25,000–30,000 artifacts which cannot be displayed are in storage.[2] As a museum exhibiting examples of works, which illuminate the history of the Mediterranean and Pamphylia regions in Anatolia, Antalya Museum is one of the most important of Turkey's museums. The Museum won the “European Council Special Prize” in 1988.
Cappadocia (/kæpəˈdoʊʃə/; also Capadocia; Turkish: Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία Kappadokía, from Ancient Greek: Καππαδοκία, from Old Persian: 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 Katpatuka) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in Nevşehir Province, in Turkey.
In the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians were reported as occupying the whole region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that separate it from Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates and the Armenian Highland, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia.[1]
The name was traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history and is still widely used as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders, in particular characterized by fairy chimneys and a unique historical and cultural heritage.
卡帕多細亞（希臘語：Καππαδοκία）,又稱為卡帕達奇亞, 亞洲歷史上的一個地區名，大致位於安納托利亞東南部。在古希臘歷史學家希羅多德的時代，卡帕多細亞包括了從托羅斯山脈至黑海之間的廣大地域。
如此定義的卡帕多細亞，其南面以托羅斯山脈為界，東抵幼發拉底河，北面與本都接壤，西面與中央鹽鹼荒原相接。具體的範圍之廣度則很難予以確定。斯特拉波是唯一的專門記述過這一地區情況的古典作家，但是他誇大了卡帕多細亞的面積；人們現在知道，卡帕多細亞東西大約為400公里，而南北只有240公里。
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Ani (Armenian: Անի; Greek: Ἄνιον Anion;[1] Latin: Abnicum;[2] Georgian: ანისი Anisi;[3] Turkish: Ani)[a] is a ruined medieval Armenian city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, near the border with Armenia.
Between 961 and 1045 it was the capital of the medieval (Bagratuni) Armenian Kingdom that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the Akhurian River and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the Araks River and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches,"[7] Ani stood on various trade routes and its many religious buildings, palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.[8][9]
At its height, Ani had a population of 100,000–200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Damascus.[10][11] Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani was abandoned and largely forgotten following the earthquake of 1319.[12]
阿尼（Ani）[1]，土耳其卡爾斯省的一個中世紀的廢墟和無人居住的亞美尼亞城市，靠近亞美尼亞邊 境。它曾是一個中世紀亞美尼亞王國的首都，這個昔日的國家管轄的區域包括如今亞美尼亞和土耳其東部大部分地區。該城市位於一個三角地帶，東邊的河流和西邊 的山谷構成天然屏障。阿尼被稱為「1001個教堂之城」，位於多條貿易通路上，有許多宗教建築、宮殿和防禦工事，其中的一些曾經是當時世界上最先進的技術 和藝術性。[2][3]
在鼎盛時期，阿尼擁有10-20萬居民，地位相當于于同期的君士坦丁堡、巴格達和開羅。[4] 幾個世紀之前，阿尼被廢棄和遺忘。[1][5]
Sinop (Greek: Σινώπη, Sinōpē) is a city with a population of 36,734 on İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), by its Cape Sinop (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey, historically known as Sinope /sɨˈnoʊpi/. It is the capital of Sinop Province.突出於黑海上的Boztepe 半島中央，Sinop 是安納托利亞最北端的城市。Sinop 歷史可以追溯自西台時代。在各王國的統治下這裡發展為重要港，也成為黑海最大的貿易都市。
Amasra (from Greek Amastris Ἄμαστρις, gen. Ἀμάστριδος) is a small Black Sea port town in the Bartın Province, Turkey. The town is today much appreciated for its beaches and natural setting, which has made tourism the most important activity for its inhabitants. As of 2010, the population was some 6,500.Amasra 位於黑海的一個小鎮，完美的城市與海灣的配置，讓這裡到夏天時為土耳其人的熱門旅遊景點。Amasra 主要由兩個小島組成 ，大的叫Büyük ada (Great Island)，小的叫Tavşan adası (Rabbit Island)。 大島上面的居民現在與古老的城牆一同生活，創造出一個獨特的景觀。
Amasra has two islands: the bigger one is called Büyük ada (Great Island) while the smaller one is called Tavşan adası (Rabbit Island).
